Judean Independence (from the Syrian Seleucid Empire):
Maccabees (rebel leaders):
- Mattathias, 170–167 BCE
- Judas Maccabeus, 167–160 BCE
- Jonathan Apphus, 160–143 BCE (High Priest after 152 BCE)
Monarchs (Ethnarchs and Kings) and High Priests: (Hasmoneans)
- Simon Thassi, 142–135 BCE (Ethnarch and High Priest)
- John Hyrcanus I, 134–104 BCE (Ethnarch and High Priest)
- Aristobulus I, 104–103 BCE (King and High Priest)
- Alexander Jannaeus, 103–76 BCE (King and High Priest)
- Salome Alexandra, 76–67 BCE (only Queen)
- Hyrcanus II, 67–66 BCE (King from 67 BCE; High Priest from 76 BCE)
- Aristobulus II, 66–63 BCE (King and High Priest)
- Hyrcanus II (restored), 63–40 BCE (High Priest from 63 BCE; Ethnarch from 47 BCE)
- Antigonus, 40–37 BCE (King and High Priest)
- Aristobulus III, 36 BCE (only High Priest)
In 63 BC Pompey conquered Judea, which then became a province of the Roman Empire.
List of (Roman client) Herodian rulers (47 BCE – 100 CE):
- Antipater the Idumaean (Procurator of Judaea) 47–44 BCE
- Herod the Great
- Governor of Galilee 47–44 BCE
- Tetrarch of Galilee 44–40 BCE
- Elected king of all Judaea by the Roman Senate 40 BCE, reigned 37–4 BCE
- Phasael (Governor of Jerusalem) 47–40 BCE
- Pheroras (Governor of Perea) 20-5 BCE
- Herod Archelaus (Ethnarch of Judaea) 4 BCE – 6 CE
- Herod Antipas (Tetrarch of Galilee) 4 BCE – 39 CE
- Philip the Tetrarch (Tetrarch of Batanaea) 4 BCE – 34 CE
- Salome I (Toparch of Jabneh) 4 BCE – 10 CE
- Herod Agrippa I
- King of Batanaea 37–41 CE
- King of Galilee 40–41 CE
- King of all Judaea 41–44 CE, previously Judaea (Roman province), gifted to him by Claudius, and reinstared as province after his death.
- Herod of Chalcis (King of Chalcis) ??–48 CE
- Agrippa II
- Tetrarch of Chalcis 48–53 CE
- King of Batanaea 53–100 CE
- Aristobulus of Chalcis
- King of Armenia Minor 55-72 CE
- Tetrarch of Chalcis 57-92 CE
List of High Priests After the Babylonian Exile:
- Joshua, son of Jehozadak, after the restoration of the Temple. Contemporary of Cyrus the Great (reigned 538-530 BC) and Darius I (reigned 522-486 BC).
- Joiakim, son of Joshua, (Nehemiah 12:10).
- Eliashib, son of Joiakim, (Nehemiah 12:10). Mentioned in the time of Nehemiah in 444 BC.
- Joiada, son of Eliashib, (Nehemiah 12:10)
(A son married a daughter of Sanballat the Horonite for which he was driven out of the Temple by Nehemiah) (Nehemiah 13:28) - Johanan, son of Joiada,(Nehemiah 12:11). Mentioned in the Elephantine papyri in 410 BC.
- Jaddua, son of Johanan, (Nehemiah 12:11) Contemporary of Alexander the Great (reigned 336-323 BC). Some have identified him as Simeon the Just.
The five descendants of Joshua are mentioned in Nehemiah,
chapter 12, 10f. The chronology given above, based on Josephus, however
is not undisputed, with some alternatively placing Jaddua during the
time of Darius II
(423-405/4 BC) and some supposing one more Johanan and one more Jaddua
in the following time, the latter Jaddua being contemporary of Alexander
the Great.
- Onias I, son of Jaddua. Contemporary of Areus I of Sparta, (reigned 309-265 BC)?
- Simon I, son of Onias. Josephus identified him as Simeon the Just[11]
- Eleazar, son of Onias and brother of Simon I. Contemporary of Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt, (reigned 283-246 BC)?
- Manasseh, son of Jaddua, brother of Onias I and uncle of Simon I and Eleazar.
- Onias II, son of Simon I. Contemporary of Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, (reigned 246-221 BC)?
- Simon II, son of Onias II. Contemporary of Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt (221-204 BC)?
- Onias III, son of Simon II, (?-175 BC), murdered 170 BC
- Onias IV, son of Onias III, fled to Egypt and built a Jewish Temple at Leontopolis (closed between 66-73 AD)
- Jason, son of Simon II, 175-172 BC (the last of the Zadokite dynasty)
- Menelaus, 172-165 BC
- Judas Maccabeus, son of Mattathias, 165-162 BC (held the office after the consecration of the Temple)
- Alcimus, 162-159 BC
Inter-Sacerdotium: It is unknown who held the position of High Priest of Jerusalem between Alcimus' death and the accession of Jonathan. Josephus, in Jewish Antiquities XX.10, relates that the office was vacant for seven years, but this is highly unlikely, if not impossible. In religious terms, the High Priest was a necessary part of the rites on the Day of Atonement, a day that could have not been allowed to pass uncelebrated for so long so soon after the restoration of the Temple service. Politically, Israel's overlords probably would not have allowed a power vacuum to last that length of time.
In another passage (XII.10 §6 XII.11 §2) Josephus suggests that Judas Maccabeus , the brother of Jonathan, held the office for three years, succeeding Alcimus. However, Judas actually predeceased Alcimus by one year.
Hasmonean dynasty (as High Priests)
- Jonathan Apphus, 153-143 BC
- Simon Thassi, brother of Jonathan Apphus, 142-134 BC
- John Hyrcanus I, son of Simeon Tassi, 134-104 BC
- Aristobulus I, son of John Hyrcanus, 104-103 BC
- Alexander Jannaeus, son of John Hyrcanus, 103-76 BC
- John Hyrcanus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus, 76-66 BC
- Aristobulus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus, 66-63 BC
- Hyrcanus II (restored), 63-40 BC
- Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, 40-37 BC
High Priests during the Herodian-Roman period:
- Ananelus, 37-36 BC
- Aristobulus III, grandson of Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II, 36 BC
He was the last of the Hasmoneans; brother of Herod's second wife Mariamne I. - Ananelus (restored), 36-30 BC
- Joshua ben Fabus, 30-23 BC
- Simon ben Boethus, 23-5 BC (his daughter Mariamne II was third wife of Herod the Great)
- Matthias ben Theophilus, 5-4 BC[13]
- Joazar ben Boethus, 4 BC
- Eleazar ben Boethus, 4-3 BC
- Joshua ben Sie, 3 BC - ?
- Joazar ben Boethus (restored), ? - 6 AD
- Ananus ben Seth, 6-15
- Ishmael ben Fabus (Phiabi), 15-16
- Eleazar ben Ananus, 16-17
- Simon ben Camithus, 17-18
- Joseph Caiaphas, 18-36 (son-in-law of the high priest Ananus ben Seth)
- Jonathan ben Ananus, 36-37
- Theophilus ben Ananus, 37-41
- Simon Cantatheras ben Boethus, 41-43
- Matthias ben Ananus, 43
- Elioneus ben Simon Cantatheras, 43-44
- Jonathan ben Ananus, 44 (restored)
- Josephus ben Camydus, 44-46
- Ananias son of Nedebeus, 46-58[14]
- Jonathan, 58[15]
- Ishmael II ben Fabus, 58-62 (relation to priest of same name from 15-16 CE?)
- Joseph Cabi ben Simon, 62-63
- Ananus ben Ananus, 63
- Jesus son of Damneus, 63
- Joshua ben Gamla, 63-64 (his wife Martha belonged to family of Boethus)
- Mattathias ben Theophilus, 65-66
- Phannias ben Samuel, 67-70
In 70 AD the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans under Titus.
Judaea was the stage of two, possibly three, major Jewish–Roman wars:
- (66–70 CE) – First Jewish–Roman War, resulting in the siege of Jerusalem the destruction of Herod's Temple and ending with the siege of Masada in 73–74. (see Josephus). Before the war Judaea was a Roman province of the third category, that is, under the administration of a procurator of equestrian rank and under the overall control of the governor of Syria. After the war it became an independent Roman province with the official name of Judaea and under the administration of a governor of praetorian rank, and was therefore moved up into the second category (it was only later, in about 120 CE, that Judaea became a consular province, that is, with a governor of consular rank).
- (115–117 CE) – the Kitos War; Judea's role in it is disputed though, as it played itself out mainly in the Jewish diaspora and there are no fully trustworthy sources on Judea's participation in the rebellion, nor is there any archaeological way of distinguishing destruction levels of 117 CE from those of the major Bar Kokhba revolt of just a decade and a half later.
- (132–135 CE) – Bar Kokhba's revolt; Following the suppression of Bar Kokhba's revolt, the emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem became Aelia Capitolina which Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson states was done to erase the historical ties of the Jewish people to the region.[2] However, this did not prevent the Jewish people from referring to the country in their writings as either "Yehudah" (Hebrew: יהודה)[18][19] or "The Land of Israel" (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל).[20
Under Diocletian (284–305) the region was divided into three provinces:
- Palaestina Prima (Judea, Samaria, Idumea, Peraea and the coastal plain, with Caesarea Maritima as capital)
- Palaestina Secunda (Galilee, Decapolis and Golan, with Beth-Shean as capital)
- Palaestina Tertia (the Negev desert, with Petra as capital).
List of Roman governors and Procurators of Judea (CE 6–135):
27 BC-14 AD
68 C. Iulius Vindex
68 L. Clodius Macer
89 L. Antonius Saturninus
175 Avidius Cassius
193-194 Pescennius Niger
193-197 Clodius Albinus
Seleucus
Uranius
Gellius Maximus
225-227 L. Seius Sallustius
Taurinus
Magnus
Quartinus
Gordian II
Pupienus (Maximus)
Balbinus
240 Sabinianus
248 Pacatianus
248 Iotapianus
Silbannacus
Sponsianus
250 L.Priscus
250 Iulius Valens Licinianus
251 Herennius Etruscus
251 Hostilian
Volusianus
253 Uranius Antoninus
Mareades
260 Ingenuus
260 Regalianus
260-261 Macrianus Senior
260-261 Macrianus Iunior
260-261 Quietus
261 Piso
261 Valens
261 Ballista
261 Mussius Aemilianus
262 Memor
262, 268 Aureolus
Celsus
Saturninus
Censorinus
270 Quintillus
271-272 Domitianus
271-272 Urbanus
271-272 Septimius
273 Firmus
270-271? Felicissimus
272 Vaballathus
260-269 Postumus
269 Laelianus
269 Marius
269-270 Victorinus
271-274 Tetricus I
273?-274 Tetricus II
273 Faustinus
280 Bonosus
280-281 Proculus
281 Saturninus
295 L. Domitius Domitianus 297-298 Aurelius Achilleus
303 Eugenius
285 Amandus
285 Aelianus
Iulianus
286/7-293 Carausius
293-296/7 Allectus
308-309 L. Domitius Alexander
314(316?)Valens
324 Martinianus
333/334 Calocaerus
350-353 Magnentius
350- Nepotian
350- Vetranio
355- Silvanus
375 Firmus
365-366 Procopius
366 Marcellus
383-388 Magnus Maximus
384-388 Flavius Victor
392-394 Eugenius
-------------------------
Western Roman Emperors
Main article: Western Roman Empire
392–455: Theodosian dynasty
Main article: Theodosian dynasty
Note: Theodosius I was the last person to rule both halves of the Roman Empire, dividing the administration between his sons Arcadius and Honorius on his death.
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Name |
Reign |
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Theodosius I
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May 15, 392 – January 17, 395 AD |
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Honorius
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January 17, 395 – August 15, 423AD |
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IMPERATOR
CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANS AVGVSTVS
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407/409 - August or September 411 |
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Constantius III
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February 8, 421 – September 2, 421 |
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IMPERATOR CAESAR IOHANNES AVGVSTVS
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August
27, 423 – May 425 AD |
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Valentinian III
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October
23, 424 – March 16, 455 AD |
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455–476 AD: Last Emperors of the Western Roman Empire
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Petronius Maximus
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March
17, 455 – May 31, 455 AD |
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Avitus
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July 9, 455 – October 17, 456 |
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Majorian
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April 457 – August 2, 461 |
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Libius Severus
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November 461 – August 465 |
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Anthemius
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April 12, 467 – July 11, 472 |
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Olybrius
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July
11, 472 – November 2, 472 AD |
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Glycerius
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March 473 – June 474 AD |
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Julius Nepos
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June 474 – August 28, 475 (in Italy); – spring 480 AD (in Gaul and Dalmatia) |
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Romulus Augustulus
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October 31, 475 – September 4, 476 (in Italy) |
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Note: The classical Roman Empire is usually said to have ended with the deposition of Romulus Augustulus, with its continuation in the East referred to by modern scholars as the Byzantine Empire.
See also: Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Eastern (Roman Byzantine) Emperors
Main article: List of Byzantine emperors
379–457: Theodosian Dynasty
Note: Theodosius I was the last person to rule both halves of the Roman Empire, dividing the administration between his sons Arcadius and Honorius on his death.
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Name |
Reign |
|||||
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Theodosius I the Great
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January
19, 379 – January 17, 395 AD |
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Arcadius
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West |
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January
17, 395 – May 1, 408 AD |
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Theodosius II
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East |
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January
402 – July 28, 450 AD |
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Pulcheria
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July 28, 450 – July, 453 AD |
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Marcian
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November 25, 450 – January 25, 457 AD |
457–518 AD: Leonid dynasty
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Name |
Reign |
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Leo I the Thracian
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7 February 457 – 18 January 474 |
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Leo II
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18 January – 17 November 474 |
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Zeno
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17 November 474 – 9 April 491 |
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Basiliscus
IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS MARCVS AVGVSTVS |
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9 January 475 – August 476 |
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Anastasius I Dicorus |
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11 April 491 – 9 July 518 |
518–602 AD: Justinian dynasty
Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
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Name |
Reign |
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Justin I
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July 518 – 1 August 527 |
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Justinian I
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1
August 527 – 13/14 November 565 AD |
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Justin II
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14
November 565 – 5 October 578 AD |
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(Φλάβιος Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος Αὔγουστος) IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS TIBERIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS
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5 October 578 – 14 August 582 AD |
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Maurice
(Θεοδόσιος) IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS |
|
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14
August 582 – 22 November 602 AD |
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Phocas |
|
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23
November 602 – 4 October 610 AD |
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-------------------------------------------------
Proconsular Governors of Roman Syria (65 BC to 27 BC)
| Date | Governor |
|---|---|
65 – 62 BC |
Marcus Aemilius Scaurus |
| 61 – 60 BC | Lucius Marcius Philippus |
| 59 – 58 BC | Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus |
| 57 – 54 BC | Aulus Gabinius |
| 54 – 53 BC | Marcus Licinius Crassus |
| 53 – 51 BC | Gaius Cassius Longinus |
| 51 – 50 BC | Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus |
| 50/49 BC | Veiento |
| 49 – 48 BC | Metellus Scipio |
| 47 – 46 BC | Sextus Julius Caesar |
| 46 – 44 BC | Quintus Caecilius Bassus |
| 45 BC | Gaius Antistius Vetus |
| 44 BC | Lucius Staius Murcus |
| 44 – 42 BC | Gaius Cassius Longinus |
| 41 – 40 BC | Lucius Decidius Saxa |
| 40 – 39 BC | Parthian occupation |
| 39 – 38 BC | Publius Ventidius Bassus |
| 38 – 37 BC | Gaius Sosius |
| 35 BC | Lucius Munatius Plancus |
| 34/33 – 33/32 BC | Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus |
| 30 BC | Quintus Didius |
| 29 BC | Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus |
| 28 – 25 BC | Cicero Minor |
Propraetorial Imperial Legates of Roman Syria (27 BC to 135 AD)
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(Sources: Wikipedia)